ABSTRACT
Foamy macrophages (FM), also known as foam-like macrophages, refer to lipid-laden monocytes or macrophages. FM are a kind of inflammatory cells that are rich in lipid droplets in cytoplasm. In the diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), such as granuloma and tuberculous wounds, FM can not only inhibit the immune response, but also affect the prognosis and outcomes. The formation mechanisms of FM caused by Mtb infection have some specificity, which may be an important factor for its long-term survival in cells and influences on disease prognosis and outcomes. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of Mtb-mediated formation of FM is conductive to further reveal the pathological evolution of diseases and provide new ideas for further precise treatment. This article reviewed the mechanisms of Mtb-mediated formation of FM in recent years.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the functional recovery and cosmetic effects of pre-expanded pedicled deltopectoral flap.@*Methods@#From January 2008 to December 2018, 42 patients with 56 pre-expanded pedicled deltopectoral flaps from Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University were followed up at least 6 months. 18 of them were male, the remaining were female. And the average age was (24.7±7.3) years. Then the indicators were tested and evaluated. Tubes with different temperatures were used for temperature sensation test. The flaps were stabbed using a 27 G blunt needle to test algesthesia. Tactile threshold was measured by Semmes-Weinstein monofilament. Two-point discrimination was measured by Disk-Criminator. Elasticity of skin flaps was measured by CK-MC®960. Colors of skin flaps were analyzed by ANTERA®3D system, including L*a*b*, melanin and hemoglobin content. And the postoperative scars were evaluated by the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS). The flap retraction rate [(flap area immediately after operation-flap area at the follow-up time)/flap area immediately after operation]was calculated. The satisfaction of patients, doctors and third parties was investigated as well. Statistical analysis of data was performed with SPSS 23.0, satisfaction rate was expressed as percentages. Scar scores were compared by Wilcoxon rank sum test. The values of elasticity, color L*a*b*, melanin and hemoglobin between skin flaps and normal skin were analyzed by paired t test. The difference was statistically significant at P<0.05.@*Results@#The scores of pain, heat and cold sensation were (4.61±0.78), (3.48±0.90) and (4.39±0.81), the tactile threshold was (0.26±0.23) g/mm2, and the distance of two-point discrimination was (10.09±4.79) mm. There was no significant difference in elasticity, color b*and melanin content between skin flap and normal skin of face and neck (P>0.05). The color of flap L*, a*and hemoglobin content of flaps were significantly different from those of normal skin from face and neck (P<0.05). The result of self-assessment of patients (POSAS) showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in pain, itch and stiffness between facial and chest donor scar. The result of observer evaluation (POSAS) showed that the scar score for all items around facial flap was better than that of chest donor area, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), and the retraction rate of flaps was (10.44 ±3.36)%. The satisfaction rates of doctors, patients and the third party were 92.86% (39/42), 71.43% (30/42) and 61.90% (26/42), respectively.@*Conclusions@#Excellent functional recovery and reliable cosmetic effect were observed in the facial-cervical scar repair with pre-expanded pedicled deltopectoral flap. Transfer of pre-expanded pedicled deltopectoral flap is an effective method for the treatment of facial-cervical scars.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the temporal distribution of macrophage and its phenotype markers in fibrous capsules around silicone implants.Methods Thirty rats were randomly divided into five groups:days 1,3,7,14 and 35.Silicone prostheses (10 ml) were implanted subcutaneously into backs of rats.On each indicated day,the tissue specimens were collected,fixed in 4％ paraformaldehyde for 24 hours and embedded in paraffin.Immunofluorescence was used to detect temporal distribution of M1/M2 macrophages.Results The number of CD68+ macrophages at day 1 (65.8±12.9) was smaller than that at day 3 (102.8±14.5,P＜0.05) and day 7 (116.8±14.2,P＜0.05);and the number of CD68+ macrophages at day 7 was larger than that at day 14 (56.8±12.9,P＜0.05) and day 35 (21.40±6.35,P＜0.05);the proportion of iNOS+ CD68+ M1 cells at day 1 and day 3 was 0.48±0.13,0.60±0.13,respectively,and they were higher than that at day 7 (0.21±0.03,P＜0.05),day 14 (0.21±0.03,P＜0.05) and day 35 (0.17±0.04,P＜0.05);the proportions of CD206+ CD68+ M2 cells at day 1,day 3,day 7,day 14,day 35 were 0.70±0.06,0.60±0.07,0.70±0.08,0.67±0.02 and 0.60±0.06,respectively.Conclusions After the implantation of silicone prostheses,M1 cells increase in early stages and M2 cells maintain in high level throughout the experiment period.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of nanofat on superficial rhytides of face and neck and dark lower eyelids.Methods From September 2014 to January 2017,a total of 86 cases were collected in our hospital for voluntary nanofat transplantation on superficial rhytides and dark lower eyelids.This was a retrospective study,which included 18 cases of eye wrinkles,14 cases of forehead wrinkles,neck wrinkles in 14 cases,and 22 cases of dark lower eyelids.First of all,we harvested mircofat through liposuction,and then transformed mircofat to nanofat.At last,nanofat was grafted into intradermal layer of the skin with sharp needles.We took the standard photographs of the patients.After six months follow-up,doctors and patients evaluated the short term and long-term postoperative effect.Results No serious complications occurred in all patients.Postoperative evaluation of facial and neck superficial wrinkles showed that the satisfactory rate of doctors and patients after one month,was 85.9％and 84.3％,and after 6 months 87.5％ and 84.3％,respectively.Postoperative evaluation of dark lower eyelids showed that the satisfactory rate of doctors and patients after one month was 45.5％ and 36.4％,and after 6 months 81.8％ and 86.4％,respectively.Conclusions Nanofat can rectify the superficial rhytides of face and neck and dark lower eyelids in some patients.However,for some patients the effect is not satisfied.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To explore the nipple-areola complex blood supply mode in hypertrophic breasts, and to obtain the pertinent knowledge of vascular anatomy for breast reduction surgery as well as the analysis of similarities and differences between hypertrophic and normal breasts. Comparing the blood supply of nipples-areola complex between these two groups for analyzing their similarities and differences.@*Methods@#Three dimensional reconstruction of the arteries in breast were performed in 50 patients between September 2015 and August 2017 with breast hypertrophy by computed tomographic angiography (CT angiography). The distribution pattern and the source direction of each main blood vessel was observed, counted and analyzed. Then, the data of breast hypertrophy patients were compared with the previous data about nipple-areola blood supply in normal population (the definition of main vessel: entering the breast gland or reaching the nipple-areola surrounding area, and diameter larger than 1 mm). Statistical description was taken for comparison.@*Results@#135 main vessels were observed in 100 breasts (50 patients). They mainly originate from the internal thoracic artery (69, 51.1%), lateral thoracic artery (37, 27.4%) and thoracoacromial artery(16, 11.9%), as well as a small amount from the brachial artery (7, 5.2%) and axillary artery(6, 4.4%). No main supply vessels from the posterior intercostal artery have been found. The patterns of breast blood supply varied among individuals, and high asymmetry ratio in the same individual was also observed. The internal superior (left: 30.7%, right: 34.2%) and superior lateral quadrant (Left: 29.2%, Right: 20%) of the breast was the most likely area for the main vessel to pass, followed by the breast lateral (Left: 16.9%, Right: 18.5%), lower inner (Left: 4.6%, Right: 5.7%), central (Left: 4.6%, Right: 4.2%), and superior (Left: 1.5%, Right: 2.8%). Differences existed in main vessels between normal breasts and hypertrophic breasts, either for source arteries or the distribution of breast. There was no main blood supply from the intercostal arteries or across the outer inferior quadrant.@*Conclusions@#The blood supply of the nipple-areola is not completely consistent between the hypertrophic breast and the normal size breast, and the blood supply pattern of the hypertrophic breasts is complex and diverse. CT angiography might be used before breast reduction surgery for clarifying the direction of the main vessels, so as to preserve more blood supply for nipple-areola, and to prevent nipple-areola necrosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on the rate of skin expansion and the immediate retract rate of skin flaps in rats,and to explore new methods for drug-assisted skin expansion.Methods 18 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups.After BTX-A or normal saline was injected intradermally into the back marking area,an expander was implanted.The expanders were inflated periodically by injecting normal saline to reach the designated intraexpander pressure.The inflation volume was recorded and the area of marked region was measured regularly.After 4 weeks of expansion,the expanded tissues were harvested and the immediate retract rates were measured.The hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe the thickness of epidermis,dermis and the fibrous capsule,while Masson staining for detection of fibrous capsule collagen.Immunohistochemical staining with α-smooth muscle actin for myofibroblasts was also performed.Results The mean inflation volume and area of marked region of BTX-A group were significantly greater than those of the control group.There were lower immediate retract rate,thinner fibrous capsule,less collagen content and fewer α-SMA positive myofibroblasts in the fibrous capsule of the BTX-A group with statistically significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).There was no signigicant difference in the thicknesses of epidermis and dermis between the two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusions BTX-A can inhibit the formation of fibrous capsule to promote skin expansion,while reducing the immediate retract rate.It possess a potential for assisting effectively skin expansion.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:Mouse pluripotent stem cel s are induced to differentiate into insulin-secreting cel s that can effectively improve blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. OBJECTIVE:To detect mRNA and protein levels of insulin-like cel clusters from induced pluripotent stem cel s and to investigate the function of insulin-secreting cel s in vitro and in vivo. METHODS:Mouse induced pluripotent stem cel s cultured in vitro were induced to differentiate into insulin-secreting cel s using combined inducers through three stages. The morphology of endodermal cel s, islet-derived progenitor cel s and mature islet cel s in each stage was observed and relative gene expression levels were detected by PCR. Mature insulin-like cel clusters underwent dithizone staining and functions of insulin released in vitro were observed by ELISA assay. Final y, the insulin-secreting cel s were transplanted into the subrenal capsule of diabetic mice, and then blood glucose levels were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The mature spherical insulin-like cel clusters were successful y obtained in vitro, which were in iron red by dithizone staining, and expression of insulin mRNA was determined by PCR. The insulin-like cel clusters could secrete insulin in response to various blood glucose levels by ELISA assay. In addition, after the cel s clusters were transplanted into the subrenal capsule of mice with type 1 diabetes, the blood glucose levels were marbedly improved.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:Chronic ankle instability can cause traumatic joint disease and secondary adhesive capsulitis, and even result in permanent dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To explicit the forming reason of chronic ankle instability and to investigate the diagnosis and treatment methods of chronic ankle instability based on the biomechanical analysis of the ankle joint. METHODS: PubMed and Wanfang databases were retrieved for review and basic research papers about the anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis and treatment of chronic ankle instability published from January 1990 to December 2014. The keywords were “chronic ankle instability, anatomy of ankle joint, biomechanics, therapy, research” in English and Chinese, respectively. After screening, 40 papers were included to summarize the anatomical structure of the ankle joint, mechanism and classification, diagnostic methods, and treatment methods of chronic lateral ankle instability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Diagnostic methods of chronic ankle instability include ankle varus stress test, ankle anterior drawer test, ultrasonic test, modern imaging detection; and therapeutic methods for chronic ankle instability can be divided into conservative treatment and surgical treatment, and the surgical treatment can be subdivided into non-anatomic reconstruction and anatomical repair of the damaged ligament. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are recommended for patients with chronic ankle instability, and the treatment programs should be determined based on comprehensive analysis of ankle anatomical structure, biomechanical characteristics, pathogenesis, and diagnostic results.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reconstruct a simpler and reliable composite tissue transplantation model-the femur osteomyocutaneous flap for the replacement of hindlimb transplantation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ten femur osteomyocutaneous flaps from 5 Lewis rats were transplanted into 10 syngeneic recipients' inguinal region. Their nutrient vessels were anastomosed with recipients vessels. The graft of this model was consisted of the groin flap and partial femur. To verify the feasibility of this model, gross and histological appearance were studied after transplantation to evaluate the viability of grafts.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The operative time was (159.0 +/- 8.3) min with the harvesting time of (68.0 +/- 4.8) min and the ischemia time of (55. 8 +/- 6.8) min. The methylene blue injection showed rich blood supply of transplanted femur osteomyocutaneous flap. All the 10 flaps survived completely with pink skin color and hair regrowth. The histologic examination of the flaps also revealed the normal appearance of the viable skin and bone marrow.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The femur osteomyocutaneous flap is a simple and reliable model for composite tissue transplantation, and its establishment will provide a new tool for the study of composite tissue allografts.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Bone Transplantation , Femur , Transplantation , Models, Animal , Muscle, Skeletal , Transplantation , Rats, Inbred Lew , Skin Transplantation , Surgical Flaps , Tissue TransplantationABSTRACT
Objective To study the clinical and pathologic changes in gigantomast.Methods Tissue sections were prepared from 180 cases of breast hypertrophy and 45 cases of normal breast tissues.The morphological changes and the expression and localization of ERRγwere evaluated on the HE and immunohistochemistry stained sections between hypertrophy and normal breast tissues.Results Compared with normal breast,hypertrophic breast showed expended ducts and obvious hyperplasia of the duct epithelial papillary.Hypertrophic breast tissues demonstrated strong expression of ERR-γ in ducts and lobules.Conclusions Upregulated expression of ERRγ is identified in hypertrophic breast tissues that may associate with the development of gigantomastia.